秸秆还田与氮肥配施对常规晚粳稻产量、氮素累积转运及利用效率的影响

为明确秸秆全量还田条件下浙北地区常规晚粳稻适宜的施氮量,设计秸秆全量还田条件下N0、N1、N2和N34个氮肥用量的田间试验(肥料N用量分别为0、165、240、315 kg/hm₂)。结果表明:秸秆全量还田条件下,常规晚粳稻单位面积产量随着氮肥用量的增加呈增长趋势,秀水134和嘉58施氮处理比无氮处理(N0)分别增产31.41%~45.38%、39.97%~47.83%,高氮处理(315 kg/hm₂)比中氮处理(240 kg/hm₂)分别增产3.60%和5.62%,但差异不显著;当氮肥用量达315 kg/hm₂时,常规晚粳稻的结实率、千粒质量均低于其他处理。随着施氮量的增加,秀水134和嘉58齐穗期后的群体干物质量累积和氮素累积呈上升趋势,但群体氮素转运量先增加后降低,群体氮素转运效率整体呈下降趋势。总之,高氮处理(315 kg/hm₂)氮素转运量较少,转运效率较低,同时氮素利用效率和吸收效率也较低。因此,秸秆还田条件下合理配施中量氮肥,可以获得较高水稻产量和氮肥利用率。     

Significance of LMW-GS and HMW-GS for Dough Extensibility: «Addition» versus «Incorporation» Protocols

Low molecular weight (LMW-GS) and high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) were added to a base flour using both «addition» and «incorporation» protocols. «Incorporation» of glutenin subunits into the glutenin network of the base flour was performed by partial (reversible) reduction and subsequent reoxidation of the glutenin network in the presence of the added glutenin subunits whereas, in the «addition» protocol, glutenin subunits were added without reduction/oxidation. The effects of both «addition» and «incorporation» of alkylated and unalkylated LMW-GS and HMW-GS on dough extension parameters maximum resistance (MR) and extensibility (EX) were compared and thoroughly discussed. HMW-GS and LMW-GS had totally different effects on dough extensibility. «Addition» of LMW-GS significantly decreased both MR and EX whereas HMW-GS caused a significant increase in MR. «Incorporation» of LMW-GS caused a decrease in MR whereas HMW-GS clearly increased MR. The similarity in effects obtained with «addition» and «incorporation» of glutenin subunits indicated that, even with «addition», glutenin subunits can be partially incorporated into the glutenin network in the presence of oxygen. Alkylated and unalkylated glutenin subunits had different effects. This was probably caused by the effect of free sulphydryl groups in unalkylated subunits (possibility of SS/SH exchanges and/or incorporation) and/or the effect induced by introduction of alkylated derived substituents. A protocol for «incorporation with excess KIO₃» was developed to exclude the possible effect of a lowering of the available oxidant concentration by oxidation of free sulphydryl groups in glutenin subunits. However, the use of high levels of oxidant in the «incorporation with excess KIO₃» protocol seems to overrule the effects of added glutenin subunits or may force glutenin subunits to incorporate differently from what can be observed under gentle oxidation conditions. Therefore, «incorporation with excess KIO₃» is not suitable for studying the effects of incorporation of glutenin subunits on dough extensibility.     

Incorporation dynamics of dietary vegetable oil fatty acids into the triacylglycerols and phospholipids of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) tissues (fillet,liver, visceral fat and gonads)

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) previously reared on a commercial feed were fed three experimental diets with added 60 g kg⁻¹ of soybean (SO), linseed (LO) or fish oils (FO), for 6 weeks. The final bodyweight (week 6) of fish was significantly lower when feeding the vegetable oils. At 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks, fillet, liver, visceral fat, testis and ovary triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL) were analysed for their fatty acid (FA) composition. The simple FA dilution model has been successfully applied to describe the incorporation of numerous dietary FAs into both tissue TAGs and PLs. Fillet PL FAs reacted more sensitively on the FAs of the SO and LO diets, when compared to the TAGs. Alterations of the hepatic TAG and PL fractions were minor and less predictable. Testicular PLs have been found to preferentially accumulate n3 FAs, in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6 n3). In contrast, ovarian TAGs showed a predominant accretion of oleic acid by the FO diet. The increased dietary unsaturation index (SO, FO) was found to augment hepatic in vivo lipid peroxidation, as assessed by the tissue malondialdehyde concentrations.     

安徽省主要作物秸秆养分资源量及还田利用潜力

【目的】安徽省为我国粮食主产省份之一,估算安徽省主要作物秸秆养分资源量及还田利用潜力,可为全省秸秆养分资源合理利用和秸秆还田下化肥减施提供科学参考。【方法】基于相关统计数据和文献资料,对安徽省各市水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜4种作物秸秆产量、秸秆氮磷钾养分资源量及其在还田条件下的化肥替代潜力进行评估。【结果】2016—2018年安徽省水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜秸秆年均产量分别为1 758万t、2 251万t、712万t和275万t,秸秆资源主要分布在淮北和江淮区域,分别占全省4种作物秸秆总量的47.0%和33.6%。全省4种作物秸秆氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）和钾（K₂O）养分年均产量分别为40万t、13万t和85万t,水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜秸秆养分资源量分别占4种作物秸秆养分资源总量的44.6%、34.4%、13.9%和7.1%。在全省作物主要种植地区,单位播种面积水稻秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力为N 29.5—35.0 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 13.6—16.2 kg·hm^-2和K₂O 132.9—157.5 kg·hm^-2;小麦秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力为N 24.1—33.5 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 8.4—11.7 kg·hm^-2和K₂O 83.5—115.8 kg·hm^-2;玉米秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力为N 24.7—32.7 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 12.5—16.5 kg·hm^-2和K₂O 59.7—79.0 kg·hm^-2;油菜秸秆还田的化肥替代潜力为N 24.1—34.0 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 11.2—15.8 kg·hm^-2和K₂O 101.3—142.7 kg·hm^-2。【结论】安徽省主要作物秸秆还田可基本满足下季作物的钾素需求,同时可部分替代氮肥和磷肥的施用,各区域应因地制宜,充分利用秸秆养分资源,实现农田化肥减施。     

不同水肥措施下华北露地菜地氮淋溶特征

华北地区典型一年两季露地蔬菜种植系统,蔬菜生长季水热同季、种植管理中水氮供应充足且往往过量,造成大量氮素淋溶到深层土壤,不仅造成水肥资源利用率低,对地下水质也造成威胁。本文以华北潮褐土黄瓜-白菜一年两季典型露地蔬菜为研究对象,利用田间试验研究不同氮肥用量及优化措施(包括抑制剂、生物炭、秸秆还田)以及控制灌溉量对蔬菜产量、土壤氮淋溶及氮平衡的影响。研究结果表明:1)华北典型露地菜地氮肥主要损失去向为深层土壤中积累及氮淋溶。2)农民常规施肥处理[黄瓜季和白菜季各施550 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]淋洗出80cm土壤剖面的总氮占当季氮肥施用量的10.0%,减氮20%和50%分别使总氮淋溶量降低23.8%和45.6%;减氮20%对蔬菜产量没有显著影响,减氮50%对水肥需求量较高的黄瓜产量有显著影响(减产19.6%)。3)减氮20%配合脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂、施用生物炭和添加秸秆还田分别使全年总氮淋溶量比常规水肥处理降低40.7%、43.0%和34.3%,而对蔬菜产量没有显著影响。4)减少灌溉量15%和30%分别使总氮淋溶比常规水肥处理降低43.1%和50.5%,水氮协同调控对降低氮淋溶效果显著;对需水量较高的黄瓜季,灌溉量降低30%黄瓜产量显著降低13.9%。5)高量水肥投入条件下连续种植蔬菜3年6季后,0～80cm土壤剖面硝态氮积累量占0～200 cm土壤剖面积累量的38.2%～50.7%,土壤剖面积累了大量硝态氮而且向深层土壤中移动。因此,合理控制水肥管理,特别是减氮结合脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂配合水分管理,是经济可行的有效阻控土壤氮淋溶的措施。     

稻草原位还田对双季稻田土壤理化与生物学性状的影响

于2010-2011年通过大田试验研究等量施肥条件下稻草不同原位还田方式(稻草全量还田、稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田)对双季稻田土壤理化特性和生物学性状的影响.结果表明:稻草全量还田2年(4季)有利于改善土壤物理性状和提高耕作层土壤有机质、不同形态碳素、碱解氮、速效氮和缓效钾含量.土壤中3大类微生物总量以稻草还田处理大于稻草不还田和稻草烧灰还田,其土壤细菌、真菌的数量增加,而放线菌的数量减少;土壤蔗糖酶活性明显增加,而脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化不大.土壤脲酶活性与土壤全氮含量呈显著相关,蔗糖酶活性与有机质、全氮含量呈显著或极显著相关,过氧化氢酶活性与全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量呈显著或极显著相关.     

Modeling a long-term effect of rice straw incorporation on SOC content and grain yield in rice field

ABSTRACT

The long-term effects of rice straw incorporation on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and rice yield were evaluated from rice cultivation with different treatments: no rice straw (control), rice straw (RS), and rice straw compost (RSC) as a main-plots; five levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application: 0, 100, 150, 200, and 250 of N (kg ha^?1) as a sub-plots. The denitrification and decomposition (DNDC) model was employed to simulate changes in SOC content and rice grain yield over 35 years. Additionally, scenario analysis on continuous or discontinuous RS incorporation in rice fields was conducted using the DNDC model. The long-term results indicated that RS and RSC treatments played a crucial role in increasing grain yields by 9% and 11% due to the increased SOC contents compared to control treatment. The validated DNDC model on SOC contents and yields showed a good agreement between the observed and simulated values based on the normalized root mean square errors. The model predicted a rapid decline of SOC contents without RS incorporation. Results suggested that incorporating rice straw or amending manure to paddy soils is a preferred practice for maintaining SOC contents.     

麦地土壤线虫群落结构对有机肥和秸秆还田的响应

通过猪粪有机肥的施用和秸秆还田,研究其对农田土壤线虫数量、属的种类及群落结构的影响。田间试验处理为CK(不施肥对照)、HF(施化肥)、ZH(猪粪堆肥 化肥)、JHB(秸秆 化肥 秸秆伴侣)、ZHJ(猪粪堆肥 化肥 秸秆)、ZDH(猪粪堆肥有机无机复合肥 化肥)6个处理。结果表明：在6个施肥处理中共鉴定出4目11科22属线虫,其中食细菌线虫9属,食真菌线虫5属,植食线虫4属,杂食-捕食线虫4属。JHB、ZHJ和ZDH处理的土壤线虫数量显著高于CK和HF处理,而HF与CK处理之间没有显著差异;化肥、有机肥和秸秆配施可以增加食细菌线虫的丰度,抑制植食线虫垫刃属和螺旋属的繁殖;除了ZDH外,其他4个处理的植食线虫丰度明显低于CK。 JHB、ZHJ和ZDH的线虫通路比值(NCR)显著高于CK,表明有机管理的农田土壤腐屑食物网的分解途径主要依靠细菌分解途径。CK、JHB、ZHJ和ZDH的的成熟指数(MI)显著高于HF,表明单施化肥对土壤环境干扰较大。多样性指数(H′)、优势度指数(λ)、均匀度指数(J) 和瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI)在6个处理中均没有显著差异。在6个施肥处理中,均以c-p 2类群的土壤线虫比例最高,其次是c-p 3-5,c-p 1类群比例最低。通过线虫营养类群、群落结构及生态指数综合分析得出,JHB和ZHJ为最佳施肥方式。     

稻田土壤微生物数量和酶活性对水碳调控的响应

为探究水碳调控稻田土壤微生物数量和酶活性变化,基于田间与室内试验,研究不同水碳处理稻田土壤微生物数量、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性随土层深度的变化规律。结果表明,土壤过氧化氢酶活性随土层深度的增加呈现先增后减的趋势,土壤微生物数量和蔗糖酶活性随土层的加深而逐渐减小。与常规肥管理相比,有机肥施用和秸秆还田对稻田土壤过氧化氢酶活性无显著影响,而对土壤微生物数量和蔗糖酶活性影响较大。与淹水灌溉相比,控制灌溉提高了土壤过氧化氢酶活性,不同施肥管理条件下,控制灌溉对稻田土壤微生物数量和蔗糖酶活性的影响不一致。控制灌溉和有机肥施用、秸秆还田联合调控总体提高了稻田土壤微生物数量、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性,且控制灌溉与有机肥施用结合效果更加明显。控制灌溉和有机肥施用、秸秆还田联合调控稻田0~40 cm土层土壤菌落数均值分别增加了1.73×10⁵~3.83×10⁵和2.33×10⁴~2.43×10⁵,土壤过氧化氢酶活性分别增加了1.82%~4.14%和2.95%~5.66%,土壤蔗糖酶活性分别增加了30.47%~64.25%和-25.04%~20.98%。     

玉米不同部位秸秆腐解特征及其影响因素研究

采用尼龙网袋法,研究不同还田方式(覆盖、深埋)、不同还田环境(室内高温环境、生产田自然环境)条件下,不同秸秆长度(10 cm、20 cm、30 cm、40 cm)、不同植株部位(茎、叶、穗轴)秸秆的腐解规律及其相互影响作用,探索适宜当地生产和生态条件的玉米秸秆还田方式。结果表明,玉米茎秆腐解过程总体呈"快-慢-快-慢"趋势,两年腐解率达62.10%～73.23%;玉米叶还田的腐解规律表现为前期快后期慢,第一个月腐解率达22.80%～40.78%。秸秆腐解速率显著受秸秆部位、还田环境、还田深度及秸秆长度影响,且各影响因素间交互作用对秸秆腐解速率影响显著(P0.01)。不同部位秸秆腐解速率常数k差异较大。在本试验条件下,小秸秆深埋还田最有利于秸秆腐解。